Name : Vincent Limonty
NIM : 1701310124
Students Assignments - Checkpoint
1. What are the four
types of output?
Output is data that has been processed into a useful form
That is, computers process data (input) into information (output). The form of
output varies, depending on the hardware and software being used and the
requirements of the user. Monitors, traditional notebook computers, netbooks,
Tablet PCs, portable media players, smart phones, digital cameras, and other
mobile devices have screens that allow users to view documents, Web sites,
e-mail messages, photos, videos, and movies. Many printers enable users to
print color documents and photos. Through the computer’s speakers, headphones,
or earbuds, users listen to sounds, music, and voice messages.
While working with a computer, a user encounters four basic
types of output: text, graphics, audio, and video. Very often, a single form of
output, such as a Web page, includes more than one of these types of output.
-Text: examples of output that primarily contain text are
memos, letters, press releases, reports, classified advertisements, envelopes,
mailing labels, and text messages. On the Web, users view and print many other
types of text-based output. These include blogs, news and magazine articles,
books, television show transcripts, stock quotes, speeches, and lectures.
-Graphics: many forms of output include graphics to enhance
visual appeal and convey information. Business letters have logos. Reports
include charts. Newsletters use drawings, clip art, and photos. Users print
high-quality photos taken with a digital camera. Many Web sites use animated
graphics, such as blinking icons, scrolling messages, or simulations.
-Audio: Users download their favorite songs from iTunes and
listen to the music while working on the computer. Software such as games,
encyclopedias, and simulations often have musical accompaniments for
entertainment and audio clips, such as narrations and speeches, to enhance
understanding. On the Web, users tune into radio and television stations and
listen to audio clips, podcasts, or live broadcasts of interviews, talk shows,
sporting events, news, music, and concerts. They also use the Internet to
conduct real-time conversations with friends, coworkers, or family members,
just as if they were speaking on the telephone.
-Video: as with audio, software and web sites often include
video clips to enhance understanding. Vodcasts and video blogs, for example,
add a video component to the traditional podcast and blog. Users watch a live
or prerecorded news report, view a reply while attending a live sporting event,
observe weather conditions, or enjoy a live performance of their favorite
musician or musical group on a computer or mobile device. Instead of renting a
movie, users can download movie content from a Web site for a fee and then
watch the entire movie on a computer or mobile device. Attaching a video camera
to the computer allows users to watch home movies on the computer. They also
can attach a television’s antenna or cable to the computer and watch a
television program on the computer screen.
2. What are the
characteristics of various display devices?
A display device, or simply display, is an output device
that visually conveys text, graphics, and video information. Information on a
display device, sometimes called soft copy, exists electronically and appears
for a temporary period.
Display devices consist of a screen and the components that
produce the information on the screen. Desktop computers typically use a
monitor as their display device. A monitor is a display device that is packaged
as a separate peripheral. Some monitors have a tile-and-swivel base that allows
users to adjust the angle of the screen to minimize neck strain and reduce
glare from overhead lightning. With some, you can rotate the screen. Adjustable
monitor stands allow you to adjust the height of the monitor. Monitor controls
permit users to adjust the brightness, contrast, positioning, height, and width
of images. Some have integrated speakers and/or a build-in Web cam.
Most mobile computers and devices integrate the display and
other components into the same physical case. Some have touch screens.
Traditional notebook computers and netbooks have a display that attaches with a
hinge to the system unit. Tablet PCs are available with two types of displays:
one that attaches with a hinge and one built into the top of the case. Some
smart phone and digital camera displays also attach with a hinge to the device.
On other smart phones and most PDAs, portable media players, digital cameras,
and handheld game consoles, the display is built into the case. Newer vehicles
integrate a display in the dashboard, enabling drivers to control audio, video,
navigation, temperature, and other settings. Most display devices show text, graphics,
and video information in color. Some, however are monochrome. Monochrome means
the information appears in one color (such as white, amber, green, black, blue,
or gray) on a different color background (such as black or grayish-white). Some
mobile devices use monochrome displays because they require less battery power.
Two types of display devices are flat-panel displays and CRT
monitors. A flat-panel display is a lightweight display device with a shallow
depth and flat screen that typically uses LCD (liquid crystal display) or gas
plasma technology. Types of flat-panel displays include LCD monitors, LCD
screens, and plasma monitors. All flat-panel displays and some CRT monitors
have a flat screen. The term, flat screen, means the screen is not curved.
3. What factors
affect the quality of an LCD monitor or LCD screen?
An LCD monitor is a desktop monitor that uses liquid crystal
display to produce images. These monitors produce sharp, flicker-free images.
The quality of an LCD monitor or LCD screen depends primarily on its
resolution, response time, brightness, dot pitch, and contrast ratio.
-Resolution is the number of horizontal and vertical pixels
in a display device. For example, a monitor that has 1440 x 900 resolution
displays up to 1440 pixels per horizontal row and 900 pixels per vertical row,
for a total of 1,296,000 pixels to create a screen image. Recall that a pixel
(short for picture element) is a single point in an electronic image. A higher
resolution uses a great number of pixels and thus provides a smoother, sharper,
and clearer image. As you increase the resolution, however, some items on the
screen appear smaller. With LCD monitors and screens, resolution generally is
proportional to the size of the device. For example, a widescreen 19-inch LCD
monitor typically has a resolution of 1440 x 900, while a widescreen 22-inch
LCD monitor has a resolution of 1680 x 1050. LCDs are geared for a specific
resolution, called the native resolution. Although you can change the
resolution to any setting, for optimal results, use the monitor’s native
resolution setting.
-Response time of an LCD monitor or screen is the time in
milliseconds (ms) that it takes to turn a pixel on or off. LCD monitors’ and
screens’ response times range from 3 to 16 ms. The lower the number, the faster
the response time.
-Brightness of an LCD monitor or LCD screen is measured in
nits. A nit is a unit of visible light intensity equal to one candela (formerly
called candlepower) per square meter. The candela is the standard unit of
luminous intensity. LCD monitors and screens today range from 250 to 550 nits.
The higher the nits, the brighter the images.
-Dot pitch, sometimes called pixel pitch, is the distance in
millimeters between pixels on a display device. Text created with a smaller dot
pitch is easier to read. Advertisements normally specify a monitor’s dot pitch
or pixel pitch. Average dot pitch on LCD monitors and screens should .30 mm or
lower. The lower the number, the sharper the image.
-Contrast ratio describes the difference in light intensity
between the brightest white and darkest black that can be displayed on an LCD
monitor. Contrast ratios today range from 500:1 to 2000:1. Higher contrast
ratios represent color better.
4. What are various
ways to print?
Until a few years ago, printing a document required
connecting a computer to a printer with a cable. Although many users today
continue to print using this method, a variety of printing options are
available.
Today, wireless printing technology makes the task of printing
from a notebook computer, smart phone, or digital camera much easier. Two
wireless technologies for printing are Bluetooth and infrared. With Bluetooth
printing, a computer or other device transmits output to a printer via radio
waves. The computer or other device and the printer do not have to be aligned
with each other; rather, they need to be within an approximate 30-foot range.
With infrared printing, a printer communicates with a computer or other device
using infrared light waves. To print from a smart phone, for example, a user
lines up the IrDA port on the smart phone with the IrDA port on the printer.
Instead of downloading photos from a digital camera to a
computer, users can print these digital photos using a variety of techniques.
Some cameras connect directly to a printer via a cable. Others store photos on
memory cards that can be removed and inserted in the printer. Some printers
have a docking station, into which the user inserts the camera to print photos
stored in the camera.
Finally, many home and business users print to a central
printer on a network. Their computer may communicate with the network printer
via cables or wirelessly.
5. How is a nonimpact
printer different from an impact printer?
A printer is an output device that produces text and
graphics on a physical medium such as paper. Printed information, called hard
copy exists physically and is a more permanent form of output than that
presented on a display device (soft copy).
A nonimpact printer forms characters and graphics on a piece
of paper without actually striking the paper. Some spray ink, while others use
heat or pressure to create images. Commonly used nonimpact printers are ink-jet
printers, photo printers, laser printers, thermal printers, mobile printers,
label and postage printers, plotters, and large-format printers.
-An ink-jet printer is a type of nonimpact printer that
forms characters and graphics by spraying tiny drops of liquid ink onto a piece
of paper. Ink-jet printers have become a popular type of color printer for use
in the home. A reasonable quality ink-jet printer costs less than $100. Ink-jet
printers produce text and graphics in both black-and-white and color on a
variety of paper types. These printers normally use individual sheets of paper
stored in one or two removable or stationary trays. Ink-jet printers accept
papers in many sizes, ranging from 3 x 5 inches to 8 ½ x 14 inches. Available
paper types include plain paper, ink-jet paper, photo paper, glossy paper, and
banner paper. Most ink-jet printers can print photographic-quality images on
any of these types of paper.
-A photo printer is a color printer that produces
photo-lab-quality pictures. Some photo printers print just one or two sizes of
photos, for example, 3 x 5 inches and 4 x 6 inches. Others print up to letter
size, legal size, or even larger. Some even print panoramic photos. Generally,
the more sizes the printer prints, the more expensive the printer. Many photo
printers use ink-jet technology. With models that can print letter-sized
documents, users connect the photo printer to their computer and use it for all
their printing needs. For a few hundred dollars, this type of photo printer is
ideal for the home or small business user. Other photo printer technologies are
discussed later in the chapter.
-A laser printer is a high-speed, high-quality nonimpact
printer. Laser printers are available in both black-and-white and color models.
A laser printer for personal computers ordinarily uses individual 8 ½ x 11-inch
sheets of paper stored in one or more removable trays that slide in the printer
case. Some laser printers have built-in trays that accommodate different sizes
of paper, while others require separate trays for letter- and legal-sized
paper. Most laser printers have a manual feed slot where you can insert
individual sheets and envelopes. Laser printers print text and graphics in
high-quality resolutions, usually 1200 dpi for black-and-white printers and up
to 2400 dpi for color printers. Laser printers usually print at faster speeds
than ink-jet printers.
-A multifunction peripheral (MFP), also called an all-in-one
device, is a single device that looks like a printer, scanner, copy machine,
and perhaps a fax machine. A fax machine is a device that codes and encodes
documents so that they can be transmitted over telephone lines. The documents
can contain text, drawings or photos, or can be handwritten.
-A thermal printer generates images by pushing electrically
heated pins against heat-sensitive paper. Basic thermal printers are inexpensive,
but the print quality is low and the images tend to fade over time.
Self-service gas pumps often print gas receipts using a built-in lower-quality
thermal printer. Many point-of-sale terminals in retail and grocery stores also
print purchase receipts on thermal paper.
-A mobile printer is a small, lightweight, battery-powered
printer that allows a mobile user to print from a notebook computer, smart
phone, or other mobile device while traveling. Barely wider than the paper on
which they print, mobile printers fit easily in a briefcase alongside a
notebook computer.
-A label printer is small printer that prints on an
adhesive-type material that can be placed on a variety of items such as
envelopes, packages, optical discs, photos, file folders and toys. Most label
printers also print bar codes. Label printers typically use thermal technology.
-A postage printer is a special type of label printer that
prints postage stamps. Some have built-in digital scales for weighing letters
and packages. Postage printers allow users to buy and print digital postage,
often called Internet postage, which means you purchase an amount of postage
from an authorized postal service Web site. Each time a postage stamp prints,
your postage account is updated. Although you can print Internet postage on an
ink-jet or photo printer, postage printers can be more economical because they
use thermal technology instead of ink catridges.
-Plotters are sophisticated printer used to produce
high-quality drawing such as blueprints, maps, and circuit diagrams. These
printers are used in specialized fields such as engineering and drafting
usually are very costly. Current plotters use a row of charged wires (called
styli) to draw an electrostatic pattern on specially coated paper and then fuse
toner to the pattern. The printed image consists of a series of very small
dots, which provides high-quality output.
An impact printer forms characters and graphics on a piece
of paper by striking a mechanism against an inked ribbon that physically contacts
the paper. Impact printers characteristically are noisy because of this
striking activity. These printers commonly produce near letter quality (NLQ)
output, which is print quality slightly less clear than what is acceptable for
business letters. Companies may use impact printers for routine jobs such as
printing labels. Impact printers are ideal for printing multipart forms because
they easily print through many layers of paper. Factories, warehouses, and
retail counters may use impact printers because these printers withstand dusty
environments, vibrations, and extreme temperatures. Two commonly used types of
impact printers are dot-matrix printers and line printers.
-A dot matrix printer produces printed images when tiny wire
pins on a print head mechanism strike an inked ribbon. When the ribbon presses
against the paper, it creates dots that form characters and graphics. Most
dot-matrix printers use continuous form paper, in which thousands of sheets of
paper are connected together end to end. The pages have holes along the sides
to help feed the paper through the printer.
-A line printer is a high-speed impact printer that prints
an entire line at a time. The speed of a line printer is measured by the number
of lines per minute (lpm) it can print. Some line printers print as many as
3000 lpm. Mainframes, servers, or networked applications, such as
manufacturing, distribution or shipping, often use line printers. These
printers typically use 11 x 17- inch continuous-form paper.
6. What are ink-jet printers,
photo printers, laser printers, multifunction peripherals, thermal printers,
mobile printers, label and postage printers, and plotters and large-format
printers?
- Ink-jet printers: An ink-jet printer is a type of
nonimpact printer that forms characters and graphics by spraying tiny drops of
liquid ink onto a piece of paper. Ink-jet printers have become a popular type
of color printer for use in the home. A reasonable quality ink-jet printer
costs less than $100. Ink-jet printers produce text and graphics in both
black-and-white and color on a variety of paper types. These printers normally
use individual sheets of paper stored in one or two removable or stationary
trays. Ink-jet printers accept papers in many sizes, ranging from 3 x 5 inches
to 8 ½ x 14 inches. Available paper types include plain paper, ink-jet paper,
photo paper, glossy paper, and banner paper. Most ink-jet printers can print
photographic-quality images on any of these types of paper.
-Photo printers: A photo printer is a color printer that
produces photo-lab-quality pictures. Some photo printers print just one or two
sizes of photos, for example, 3 x 5 inches and 4 x 6 inches. Others print up to
letter size, legal size, or even larger. Some even print panoramic photos.
Generally, the more sizes the printer prints, the more expensive the printer.
Many photo printers use ink-jet technology. With models that can print
letter-sized documents, users connect the photo printer to their computer and
use it for all their printing needs. For a few hundred dollars, this type of
photo printer is ideal for the home or small business user. Other photo printer
technologies are discussed later in the chapter. Most photo printers are
PictBridge enabled, so that you can print photos directly from a digital camera
by connecting a cable from the digital camera by connecting a cable from the
digital camera to a USB port on the printer.
-Laser printers: A laser printer is a high-speed,
high-quality nonimpact printer. Laser printers are available in both black-and-white
and color models. A laser printer for personal computers ordinarily uses
individual 8 ½ x 11-inch sheets of paper stored in one or more removable trays
that slide in the printer case. Some laser printers have built-in trays that
accommodate different sizes of paper, while others require separate trays for
letter-and legal-sized paper. Most laser printers have a manual feed slot where
you can insert individual sheets and envelopes. Laser printers print text and
graphics in high-quality resolutions, usually 1200 dpi for black-and-white
printers and up to 2400 dpi for color printers. While laser printers usually
cost more than ink-jet printers, many models are available at affordable prices
for the home user. Laser printers usually print at faster speeds than ink-jet
printers.
-Multifunction peripherals: A multifunction peripheral
(MFP), also called an all-in-one device, is a single device that looks like a
printer or a copy machine but provides the functionality of a printer, scanner,
copy machine, and perhaps a fax machine. A fax machine is a device that codes
and encodes documents so that they can be transmitted over telephone lines. The
documents can contain text, drawings or photos, or can be handwritten. The
features of these devices vary. Another advantage of these devices is they are
significantly less expensive than if you purchase each device separately. If
the device breaks down, however, you lose all four functions, which is the
primary disadvantage.
-Thermal printers: A thermal printer generates images by
pushing electrically heated pins agains heat-sensitive paper. Basic thermal
printers are inexpensive, but the print quality is low and the images tend to
fade over time. Self-service gas pumps often print gas receipts using a built-in
lower-quality thermal printer. Many point-of-sale terminals in retail and
grocery stores also print purchase receipts on thermal paper. Two special types
of thermal printers have high print quality and can print at much faster rates
than ink-jet and laser printers. A thermal wax-transfer printer generates rich,
nonsmearing images by using heat to melt colored wax onto heat-sensitive paper.
Thermal wax-transfer printers are more expensive than ink-jet printers, but
less expensive than many color laser printers.
-Mobile printers: a mobile printer is a small, lightweight,
battery-powered printer that allows a mobile user to print from a notebook
computer, smart phone, or other mobile device while traveling. Barely wider
than the paper on which they print, mobile printers fit easily in a briefcase
alongside a notebook computer. Mobile printers mainly use ink-jet, thermal,
thermal wax-transfer, or dye-sublimation technology. Many of these printers
connect to a USB port. Others have a built-in wireless port through which they
communicate with the computer wirelessly.
-Label printer: a label printer is a small printer that
prints on an adhesive-type material that can be placed on a variety of items
such as envelopes, packages, optical discs, photos, file folders, and toys.
Most label printers also print bar codes. Label printers typically use thermal
technology.
-Postage printer: A postage printer is a special type of
label printer that prints postage stamps. Some have built-in digital scales for
weighing letters and packages. Postage printers allow users to buy and print
digital postage, often called Internet postage, which means you purchase an
amount of postage from an authorized postal service Web site. Each time a
postage stamp prints, your postage stamp prints, your postage account is
updated. Although you can print Internet postage on an ink-jet or photo
printer, postage printers can be more economical because they use thermal
technology instead of ink catridges.
-Plotters and large-format printers: Plotters are sophisticated
printers used to produce high-quality drawings such as blueprints, maps, and
circuit diagrams. These printers are used in specialized fields such as
engineering and drafting and usually are very costly. Current plotters use a
row of charged wires to draw an electrostatic pattern on specially coated paper
and then fuse toner to the pattern. The printed image consists of a series of
very small dots, which provides high-quality output. Using ink-jet printer
technology, but on a much larger scale, a large-format printer creates
photo-realistic-quality color prints. Graphic artists use these high-cost,
high-performance printers for signs, posters, and other professional quality
displays. Plotters and large-format printers can accommodate paper with widths
up to 98 inches because blueprints, maps, signs, posters and other such
blueprints, maps, signs, posters and other such drawings and displays can be
quite large. Some plotters and large-format printers use individual sheets of
paper, while others take large rolls.
7. What are the uses
and characteristics of speakers, headphones, and earbuds?
An audio output device is a component of a computer that
produces music, speech, or other sounds, such as beeps. Three commonly used
audio output devices are speakers, headphones, and earbuds. Most personal
computers and mobile devices have a small internal speaker that usually emits
only low-quality sound. Thus, many users attach surround sound speakers or
speaker systems to their computers, including game consoles and mobile devices,
to generate higher-quality sounds for playing games, interacting with
multimedia presentations, listening to music, and viewing movies. Most surround
sound computer speaker systems include one or two center speakers and two or
more satellite speakers that are positioned so that sound emits from all
directions.
When using speakers, anyone in listening distance can hear
the output. In a computer laboratory or other crowded environment, speakers
might not be practical. Instead, users can listen through wireless headphones
or earbuds or plug the device in a port on the sound card, in a speaker, or on
the front of the system unit. With headphones or earbuds, only the individual
wearing the headphones or earbuds hears the sound from the computer. The
difference is that headphones cover or are placed outside the ear, whereas
earbuds or earphones rest inside the ear canal. Both headphones and earbuds
usually include noise-cancelling technology to reduce the interference of
sounds from the surrounding environment.
8. What are the
purposes and features of data projectors, interactive whiteboards, and
force-feedback game controllers and mobile devices?
A data projector is a device that takes the text and images
displaying on a computer screen and projects them on a larger screen so that an
audience can see the image clearly. For example, many classrooms use data
projectors so that all students easily can see an instructor’s presentation on
the screen. Some data projectors are large devices that attach to a ceiling or
wall in an auditorium. Some operating systems allow projectors to be part of
the network, which enables a presenter to operate remotely via a network
connection. Others, designed for the mobile user, are small portable devices
that can be transported easily. Two types of smaller, lower-cost units are LCD
projectors and DLP projectors. An LCD projector, which uses liquid crystal
display technology, attaches directly to a computer, and uses its own light
source to display the information shown on the computer screen.
An interactive whiteboard is a touch-sensitive device,
resembling a dry-erase board, that displays the image on a connected computer
screen. A presenter controls the computer program by clicking a remote control,
touching the whiteboard with special digital pen and eraser, or writing on a
special tablet. Notes written on the interactive whiteboard can be saved
directly on the computer. Interactive whiteboards are used frequently in
classrooms as a teaching tool, during meetings as a collaboration tool, and to
enhance delivery of presentations.
Force-Feedback Game Controllers and Tactile Output: Today’s
joysticks, wheels, gamepads, and motion-sensing game controllers also include
force feedback, which is a technology that sends resistance to the device in
response to actions of the user. For example, as you use the simulation
software to drive from a smooth road onto a gravel alley, the steering wheel
trembles or vibrates, making the driving experience as realistic as possible. These
devices also are used in practical training applications such as in the
military and aviation. Some input devices, such as smart phone, include tactile
output that provides the user with a physical response from the device. For
examples, users may sense a bumping feeling on their hand while scrolling
through a smart phone’s contact list.
9. What output
options are available for physically challenged users?
For users with mobility, hearing, or vision disabilities,
many different types of output devices are available. Hearing-impaired users,
for example can instruct programs to display words instead of sounds. With the
latest Windows operating systems, users also can set options to make programs
easier to use. The Magnifier, for example, enlarges text and other items in a
window on the screen.
Visually impaired users can change Windows settings, such as
increasing the size or changing the color of the text to make the words easier
to read. Instead of using a monitor, blind users can work with voice output via
Windows Narrator. That is, the computer reads the information that is displayed
on the screen. Another alternative for visually impaired users, is a Braille
printer, which prints out information on paper in Braille letters.
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